Mr. Price

What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma How to Get Yours

What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma How to Get Yours SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On the off chance that you dropped out of secondary school or are thinking about dropping out, there are different approaches to gain accreditations that are viewed as equivalent to a secondary school recognition. A High School Equivalency Diploma (HSED) is one choice that you should seriously mull over as an option in contrast to a GED or conventional secondary school recognition. I'll give you the subtleties on what a High School Equivalency Diploma is, the manner by which you can get one, and how to choose if it's the correct decision for your circumstance. What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma? A HSED is viewed as equal to an ordinary secondary school certificate, however you can acquire it sometime in the not too distant future in the wake of dropping out of secondary school. Most expert employments require at any rate a secondary school certificate, so it will more likely than not advantage your vocation on the off chance that you experience a HSED program. Bosses, schools, and certain parts of the military may incline toward the HSED over the GED in light of the fact that the HSED's prerequisites are increasingly broad. This identifies with one potential drawback of the HSED: you will no doubt need to step through more classes or examinations (when contrasted with the GED) to get it. On the off chance that you’ve earned Social Studies and Health credits previously; in any case, it might be easy to get these necessities off the beaten path. For what reason Would You Want to Get Your High School Equivalency Diploma? The HSED is a decent choice for understudies who haven't got the opportunity to win a customary secondary school certificate. It's acknowledged by most managers and universities as a substitute for a secondary school certificate, so it will give you more open doors in your vocation and instruction. The contrast between a HSED and a GED isn't gigantically critical, yet there are situations where the HSED is liked. Despite the fact that the two certifications are actually the equivalent, a GED just demonstrates that you've breezed through an assessment, while a HSED shows that you've finished an assessment and finished some other coursework. The HSED is additionally actually proportionate to an ordinary secondary school confirmation, yet practically speaking, most businesses and universities incline toward the customary certificate. On the off chance that you despite everything have the chance to return and complete your course of study in secondary school (in many states you can do this in case you're under 20), I would suggest that you do as such as opposed to acquiring a HSED or GED. A standard secondary school confirmation is all the more profoundly regarded on the grounds that it demonstrates that you had the option to continue on through long haul assignments instead of simply having the option to finish an assessment and complete a couple of extra prerequisites. All things considered, if returning to secondary school isn't a possibility for you, a HSED is the following best thing. Much obliged, frightening 1950s-style youngsters! What Are the Requirements for a High School Equivalency Diploma? In specific states, you should take the HiSET or High School Equivalency Test to show that you have aced the aptitudes important to gain your confirmation. The test is involved five littler subtests that run from 65 minutes to 2 hours long: Language Arts-Reading (40 numerous decision questions) Language Arts-Writing (50 numerous decision questions and a paper) Science (50 different decision questions) Science (50 different decision questions) Social Studies (50 different decision questions) The HiSET is offered in English and Spanish, and facilities are accessible for test-takers with inabilities upon demand. States offering the HiSET incorporate California, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Wyoming. In states where the HiSET isn't offered, you should take the General Educational Development (GED) test as one of the necessities for acquiring your HSED. This test has four subjects: Reasoning Through Language Arts, Mathematical Reasoning, Science, and Social Studies. There is one paper question in the Reading Through Language Arts segment and one in the Social Studies area, alongside two short answer inquiries in the Science segment. The remainder of the inquiries are various decision. The substance of the test was as of late refreshed in 2014 to join increasingly printed investigation and explicit scientific and composing abilities. You can peruse progressively about the progressions here. Both the HiSET and the GED tests are taken on the PC as opposed to as pencil and paper tests. A HSED is unique in relation to a GED declaration since it has a few additional prerequisites. To gain a HSED, you should satisfy necessities in the subjects of wellbeing, municipal education, and employability aptitudes notwithstanding taking a center subject test like the HiSET or GED test. The prerequisites for wellbeing and civics can be fulfilled by breezing through two untimed tests, by demonstrating that you’ve earned 0.5 Health credits and 3 Social Studies credits previously, or by passing a 30-hour course in each subject. On the off chance that you can give confirmation of credits as a secondary school transcript, you won’t need to step through the additional examinations or classes. For the employability abilities prerequisite, you should make a resume and take an interest in a course that will assist you with thinking of a lifelong arrangement. Various states have differing qualification necessities for understudies wanting to win a High School Equivalency Diploma. You should be at any rate 16 to take either the GED or the HiSET; in certain states, the base age is 17. You likewise can’t be at present taken a crack at secondary school and should meet your state’s necessities for the measure of time you’ve been out of school. In California, for instance, if you’re just 17 and you need to take the HiSET, you more likely than not been out of secondary school for at any rate 60 sequential days and give a letter of solicitation from the military, a postsecondary foundation, or a potential business. Counsel this page for state-by-state HiSET qualification prerequisites and this page for connections to state GED test qualification necessities. In the event that you found out about these fellows eventually in secondary school, you may have the option to escape the Social Studies prerequisite. Would it be advisable for you to Try to Get Your HSED? There are two or three things you ought to consider before choosing to get your HSED: Would you be able to Still Go Back to High School? As a matter of first importance, would you say you are youthful enough that returning to secondary school is a choice? Various states have various approaches, yet ordinarily in case you're younger than 20, you can in any case re-join up with secondary school. In general, it's smarter to get an ordinary secondary school confirmation than a HSED or a GED. On the off chance that it's at all workable for you to come back to secondary school, you ought to genuinely consider doing as such. What Are Your Career and Educational Goals? The reason for gaining a HSED is to expand your potential in the activity world and perhaps go to school. In practically any vocation field, it's essential or if nothing else gainful to have a secondary school certificate. In the event that you would like to set off for college, it's basic. In any case, before you gain a HSED, you should begin researching what you need to do or where you need to set off for college. You may need to think about different necessities, and you may choose to hold up a piece before beginning a HSED program, contingent upon your current budgetary circumstance and the means you have to take to satisfy your objectives. In the event that you have profession objectives that don't require a secondary school recognition for section level positions, you could choose to get some work understanding added to your repertoire first and win a HSED sometime in the future. Sometimes, you should kick things off in the activity world before pursuing your HSED. How Might You Find a HSED Program? Will It Cost Money? HSED tests and courses can be found at numerous junior colleges and grown-up training focuses everywhere throughout the nation. For the HiSET, you can plan a testing date through your online record or by calling ETS client support at 1-855-MyHiSET (1-855-694-4738). Utilize this connect to scan for HiSET test focuses close to you. In the event that your state isn't on the rundown of states that offer the HiSET, you will be taking the GED test to satisfy HSED prerequisites. You can call 1-800-62-MYGED (800-626-9433) for a referral to prepare projects and testing destinations close to you, alongside a training test and an enlightening leaflet. Courses are free, despite the fact that you should pay a charge to take the tests. The all out expense is $145 for the GED test in the event that you don’t need to retake any subtests. Retakes are $10 for every one of the center subject tests and $5 for the wellbeing and civics tests. The HiSET is regularly somewhat more affordable, however expenses shift by state. Once more, check the page on qualification prerequisites for more data about how much the HiSET costs in each state. Connect with your state’s contact individual for the GED or with ETS Customer Service for the HiSET in the event that you have any extra inquiries regarding the tests and courses that make up the program and where you can take them. The HiSET and the GED tests cost some cash, yet these heaps of ones would likely cover them two. What's Next? Is the GED a superior met for your requirements? Figure out how to get your GED online here. We additionally have an assortment of the best GED practice tests for you to use in your contemplating. You don't really need to gain a heavenly GPA in secondary school to get into school. Investigate our rundown of the best schools with low GPA prerequisites. In case you're planning to go to school yet are uncertain how to start the inquiry procedure, look at this bit by bit control for doing school explore. Understudies who procure a HSED or GED may decide to go to junior college for a year or two and afterward move to a four-year school. Peruse our total manual for moving universities to get familiar with this procedure. Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4? We've composed a guide for each test about the main 5 techniques you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Friday Forum Reader-Funded Publishing

Friday Forum Reader-Funded Publishing In a post yesterday about why theres never been a better time to be a reader, Jeff mentioned that technology and social media have made authors more approachable than ever before. What he didnt say, but is equally true, is that for authors, readers have never been so approachable, either. Many writers take to Twitter and Facebook well before their work is published or even sold in hopes of building a platform from which to publicize, socialize, and persuade. By the time publication day rolls aroundif it rolls aroundthey have a community with which to celebrate, made up of readers they fervently hope will transfer their online enthusiasm into purchases. Recently, though, authors have been going for the sale much earlier in the relationship. On Twitter this week alone, Ive watched four authors solicit donations from their fans and followers to help fund their latest self-published projects through Kickstarter. A quick search of Kickstarters listings yields more than 2,700 book-related campaigns, ranging from an attempt to bring old comics back into print to an effort to print a photo essay collection by a former porn producer to a  reference book about the U.S. filming locations for the Star Wars films. And thats just on the first page of results! So, what do you make of this latest development in publishing? Would you donate money to help fund a writers publication? What would it take to get you do so?

Reflection on The Dakota Sun Dance Essay examples - 660 Words

The Dakota Sun Dance One thing that really caught my attention in Waterlily was the sun dance. It really opened my eyes to an actual tribal dance; I did not know what they all did at a tribal dance other than dance. The Sun Dance only occurs once every year for so many days. There are many events that are held during the Sun dance. The buffalo is a very sacred animal during the sun dance. I learned that the Sun Dance was the most important religious ceremony of many tribes in the 19th century and it occurred at the time of the Summer Solstice. It would last from four to eight days starting at sunset and then ending at sunset. I learned that everything they, do even when they start and end, has a reasoning behind it. The significance†¦show more content†¦The oldest woman of the camp would lead of well-dressed maidens to the tree to strip off its branches. The next morning warriors would charge and shoot at the tree to â€Å"kill† it with gunshots and arrows. They would take it down and t hen place it at the spot where the Sun Dance Lodge would be set up. At the top of the tree there would be a buffalo head with the hide hung down from it; this would represent the center of the world that would connect Heaven to Earth. Not only was the tree a sacred part of the Sun Dance and the hide that hung from the tree. But The Buffalo had a huge impact on the Sun Dance. The buffalo is the main symbol during the Sun Dance. It is said that the buffalo had begun the Sun Dance ritual. The Shoshone believe that the buffalo taught someone the correct way to dance and what the benefits were of dancing. You can see how much of an impact the buffalo has by everything that the Sioux do during the Sun Dance. For example the buffalo is used as an alter during the Sun Dance. They have special offerings presented to the skull. The Sioux specifically believe that the bones of the buffalo they have killed will rise again and create new lives. I found it very neat that the Sun Dance symbolizes a resolution between people and the buffalo, it helps them come to realize that the buffalo is sacred and without it there would be death, and the buffalo would not be able to keep them healthy and alive. The life of animals and people themselvesShow MoreRelatedShort Summary of the Great Gatsby11203 Words   |  45 Pagesbeen of this moment, and so the actual reunion was bound to disappoint. Despite this, the love between Gatsby and Daisy is revived, and the two begin an affair. Eventually, Nick learns the true story of Gatsbys past. He was born James Gatz in North Dakota, but had his name legally changed at the age of seventeen. The gold baron Dan Cody served as Gatsbys mentor until his death. Though Gatsby inherited nothing of Codys fortune, it was from him that Gatsby was first introduced to world of wealth, powerRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesquestion is: what future for the Ministry? ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  In 1991, 28-year-old James Palumbo invested  £225,000 (≈a340,000) of his own capital into a new dance club located in an old South London bus depot. As an old Etonian (the UK’s most elitist private school), a graduate of Oxford University and a former merchant banker, Palumbo was an unlikely entrant into a dance culture that was still raw and far from respectable. He actually preferred classical music. The club’s name, the Ministry of Sound, ironicallyRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesArgumentation It takes detective skills to detect the essence of an argument among all the irrelevant remarks that people make while they argue. Speaking of detective skills, I was 14 years old when my mother, a second-string member of the Folies Bergà ¨re dance group in Paris, was dancing for the French Foreign Legion in Morocco. She left me with Mathilde, an indifferent governess and a veteran of the French Resistance. It was a dark and stormy night in Paris when Mathilde came up behind me, reached intoRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pages(AMD) supplying most of the rest. Other manufacturers of processor chips (largely for more powerful computers) include IBM and Sun Microsystems.1 As an interesting side note, IBM also provides the processor chips for all of the newest-generation game consoles (i.e., Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo). FIGURE 2.4 Intel ® Coreâ„ ¢ i7 Processor (Courtesy of Intel Corporation) 1 Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle in 2010. 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Our self-reï ¬â€šection in a mirror does not tell us what we are like; only our reï ¬â€šection in other people. We are essentially social creatures, and our personality resides in association, not in isolation. As you engage in the practice exercises in this chapter, therefore, you are encouraged to discuss

Minimum Wage And The Wage - 965 Words

Minimum wage continues to increase, but does it increase enough? Minimum wage right now in Florida is set at $8.05 but who can really live off that. It is absurd that the minimum wage has not increase since the 1960’s in real buying power. The reason for this statement is that the minimum wage in the 1960’s allowed people to buy more items then they could buy with the minimum wage in 2013. In Order have the same buying power as in the 1960’s the minimum wage in 2013 would need to be at least $9.84 an hour. However, the minimum wage in 2013 was only at $7.25 an hour which was a 35.7 percent decrease of the buying power of an individual. The cost of living is continuously increasing. Bills, housing and everyday expenses continue to increase, which is making it impossible for people to live comfortably. The Minimum wage increase ties into chapter 8 Social Stratification and the U.S Class system in the Society in Focus book. Applying the conflict, functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspective to this chapter will help with further understanding the different aspects and causes with increasing minimum wage. The conflict perspective for raising the minimum wage is between the upper class that runs large corporations and the lower class that works at minimum wage salaries. Lower class people want to make a higher minimum wage and the wealthy class does want to increase their wages because they want to keep making a large profit. Also, The upper class or wealthy controlShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage And The Wage1573 Words   |  7 Pages What is minimum wage? It is the lowest amount that employers must pay their workers per hour of their labor, legally prescribed by federal government. According to Bureau of Labor Statics, United States Department of Labor, minimum wage was first introduced in United States by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1938 called Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA). The initial minimum wage was set to $0.25 per hour in 1938 (Grossman). The minimum wage was increased twenty-two times from 1938 to 2009. AtRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage916 Words   |  4 PagesEl iminate the Minimum Wage Darity Has described minimum wage as: â€Å"Minimum-wage legislation has been to improve the terms of employment of the least-fortunate wage earners.† (Darity) Since the beginning of minimum wage laws in 1270 France the intentions of minimum wage legislation has been good. The idea is that a worker is worth a certain amount regardless of the work they are able to do. One can see how this could create inefficiencies in an economy. The law was meant to help poor families.Read MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1639 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum wage is one of the many microeconomic policies that serve to correct imbalance in the economy. It is defined as the lowest amount of remuneration required of an employer to pay his employees during a given period of work. 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Asian Social Science Free Essays

string(157) " support from family members and the community by large towards former addicts highly promote the relapsed addiction tendency after treatment \(Brown et al\." It has been noted that many drug addicts relapse to drug use after discharged from successful treatment and rehabilitation programs. Thus it is imperative and timely to address the issues that prompt relapsed addiction. 400 drug addicts on relapse cases were selected from eight drug rehabilitation centres throughout Peninsular Malaysia to examine factors influences the relapsed addiction to drug use. We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Social Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consistent with previous research, self-efficacy, family support, community support and employers support were identified as main factors that influenced the relapsed addictions tendency amongst addicts. Suggestions to curb relapsed addiction to drugs were discussed in relation to the findings. Keywords: Relapse, Addiction, Drug, Malaysia 1. Introduction The close geographical propinquity to Myanmar, Laos and Thailand (Golden Triangle) and other Southeast Asian countries that produces illicit drugs has intensify drug use in Malaysia. The illicit drug use been well thought-out as major social intimidation in Malaysia. The government, on February 19, 1983, declared drug as national disaster and endeavor with stringent law enforcement together with rehabilitation programs for addicts. Indeed the government through various agencies has put in action strategies to impede drug use, parallel to the mission of attaining a drug-free society by 2015. Nevertheless, even with the country’s stringent enforcement policy, there has been a sizeable ascends in the number of fresh and relapsed drug users (National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA), 2009). NADA entrusted by the Malaysian government to sculpt mechanisms to handle the drug crisis and in particular to trim down relapsed addiction rate. Based on the statistics by NADA (2009), the number of detained drug addicts from January to December 2007 and 2008 were 14,489 and 12,352 respectively. Perhaps, the addiction trend that was recorded by NADA is some sort of a relief to all concern. In 2007, the detained fresh and relapsed addicts were 6,679 and 7,810 respectively. Among the detained drug addicts in 2008, 5,939 (48%) were fresh addicts while 6,413 (52%) were relapsed addicts. Interestingly, in 2008 the statistics revealed a decline of percentages in total number of detained addicts (15%), new addicts (11%) and relapsed addicts (18%) compared to the reported statistics in 2007. Nevertheless, careful observation on the statistics revealed an increase in the number of detained relapsed addicts compared to new drug addicts between 2008 and 2007. Generally, it is well understood that the number of drug addicts should reduce dramatically upon successful completion of treatments or rehabilitation program. However, the reported data explicates that most of the drug addicts failed to sustain the free of drug lifestyle after they have been discharged from rehabilitation treatment program. Mohamad Hussain and Mustafa (2001) reported that there are evidence of 90% relapsed cases among heroin addicts within six months after been discharged from the Serenti rehabilitation centres. It also had been found that 40% of the addicts pine for heroin after a month of abstinence. Surprisingly, Serenti rehabilitation centers have relapsed inmates who have followed the rehabilitation sessions for more than five times. Moreover, Habil, (2001) contended that more than 70 percent of those attending drug rehabilitation centres would probably relapse. Reid, Kamarulzaman, and Sran (2007) alleged that though some of the programs had been successful, about 70 to 90 per cent of addicts who underwent rehabilitation probably 37 Vol. 5, No. 12 Asian Social Science return to the habit within first year after been discharged if they are compelled and detained at the rehabilitation centres. In any event, the rate of relapse among addicts is of great concern to both governmental and non-governmental bodies. Thus, this research was initiated to examine the factors contributing to relapsed addiction tendency amongst drug addicts in Malaysia. Indeed this study is significant and timely to fight against drug addictions to the root while achieving the nation’s ambition to reach the zero drugs by 2015. . Factors Contributing to Relapse among Drug Addicts Relapse is a formidable challenge in the treatment of all behavior disorders (Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004). Several authors have described relapse as complex, dynamic and unpredictable (Buhringer, 2000; Donovan, 1996; Marlatt, 1996). Whereas according to Mahmood (1996), relapsed addiction means, usage, intake or misuse of psychoactive substances after one had received drug addi ction treatment and rehabilitation, physically and psychologically. To Rasmussen (2000), relapse occurred because of the building up of additional crisis such as to look trivially on certain problem, stress, weak or failed forecast, the pessimistic thinking that all issue cannot be resolved and immature actions. Relapsed addicts also confused and overreact due to the inability to think clearly, unable to manage feelings and emotions, the difficulty to remember things, unable to control their feelings and easily angered. Various studies have examined the effects of psychosocial factors towards relapse among drug and alcohol dependence. Moos (2007) contended that psychological factors are supposition to contribute to relapse among drug addicts after abstinence. Consistently, anxiety has been linked to increased relapse risk among marijuana addicts (Arendt et al. , 2007; White et al. , 2004). Other relapse promoting factor is self-efficacy, defined as a degree to which an individual feels confident and capable performing a certain behavior in a specific situational context (Bandura, 1977). As described in the cognitive-behavioral model of relapse (Marlatt, Bear Quigley, 1995), high levels of self-efficacy are predictive of improved alcoholism treatment outcomes (Brown et al. , 1995; Greenfield et. al. , 2000; Rychtarik, Prue, Rapp King, 1992). The situation is different from the results of research done on 60 alcoholics, which found that individuals who have high self-efficacy after going through rehabilitation treatment, are most unlikely to be addicted again (Allsop, Saunders Phillips, 2000). Chuah (1990), in his research found that drug addicts who have low self-efficacy would be back to addiction after their release from getting treatment and rehabilitation. Other previous studies have also point out that improvement in self-esteem positively lead to success in rehabilitation programs and it assist in curbing drug addictions (Graham et al. , 1997; Mahmood, 1995; Mahmood et al. ,1998; Mahmood et al. , 1999). Attitude and poor knowledge on drug abuse been reported to be contributing factor of relapsed addictions among drug addicts (Abdullah Iran, 1997). Besides, less support from family members and the community by large towards former addicts highly promote the relapsed addiction tendency after treatment (Brown et al. You read "Asian Social Science" in category "Papers" , 1995; Miller et al. ,1999; Miller, 1992; Moos King, 1997). Research by Mohd Taib, Rusli and Mohd Khairi (2000) on family communication patterns amongst addicts’ family and non addicts’ family, showed weak communication patterns and less effective interactions amongst former addicts’ family is one of the high probable factors toward drug addiction. Indeed, family support is much needed to ensure the rehabilitation process success and issues like â€Å"don’t care attitude† and ostracizing former addicts would only failed the rehabilitation process and in the long run caused the former addicts to relapse (Daley Marlatt, 1992). Amongst other factors that have been associated with relapsed addiction are peer pressures especially from the old friends who still use drugs. Mahmood, et al. (1999) found 50% of old friends influenced former addicts to pick up the drug taking habit after they were discharged from rehabilitation centres. The research also showed that 76% of the old friends assist rehabilitated individuals to get the needed supply of drugs. These situations further induced the relapsed addiction amongst former addicts who has been getting rehabilitation treatments. However, the above research is different from findings by Chuah (1990). He found peers support could help former addicts from not getting back to the old habit. He concluded that high emotional and spiritual support will indirectly increase the addicts’ self confidence and decrease the risk towards relapsed addiction. Gregoire and Snively (2001) reported that addicts who have discharged from rehabilitation centres and living in drug-free social environments could be linked with higher abstinence rates and low in relapse of drug use. Mc Coy and Lai (1997), on the other hand, associates inability to get jobs amongst former addicts who were discharged from rehabilitation centres coupled with lack of financial supports, caused the addicts to go back to addictions. Yunos (1995) asserted that employers always took advantage on the former addicts by paying low salaries without aking into consideration their qualifications and experience, causing dissatisfactions amongst the former addicts that eventually caused them to quit their jobs. Yahya Mahmood, (2002), found that the treatment and rehabilitation programs being conducted in any country would faced various challenges. The effectiveness of drug rehabilitation programs also one of the factors, associated with relapsed addictions amongst addicts. This is because some researchers found drug rehabilitation programs conducted on addicts are less effective to jolt them to awake (Mokhtar, 1997, Wellish Prondergast, 1995). Many research found that the traditional treatment and rehabilitation models failed to help in reducing relapse addiction to drug use (Habil, 2001; 38 Asian Social Science December, 2009 Mahmud Mazlan, Schottenfeld Chawarski, 2006; Mohamad Mustafa, 2001; Mahmood, Md Shuaib Che Din and Ismail Ishak, 1998; McLellan, 2002; Nestler, 2002; O’Brien, 2006 ; Reid, 2007). Though, sufficient rehabilitation programs are in place, prevention of relapse to drug will pass its best if physiology and psychology strength of addicts faint in due time. In addition, lack of multiple long term treatment modalities, social intervention and additional pharmacological treatment could abet relapse. Hence, relapse to drug use after extended periods of abstinence remains as most intricate clinical problem and research issue in the treatment of drug addiction (Miller et al. , 1999; O’Brien, 2006; Sinha Li, 2007). Individuals involved in recovery and the treatment of recovering individuals recognize that sustaining a clean and sober life is perhaps significantly more difficult than eliminating the use of the drug. There is a high degree of consensus in the field that relapse is a common element in the recovery process. Nevertheless, examination of factors which contributes to relapse is indispensable to develop successful interventions in curbing future relapse to drug-taking behavior (Donovan, 1996; O’Brien, 2006, Sinha Li, 2007). The present study intended to identify the extent that self-efficacy; support from peers, family, employers, community; and programme effectiveness at drug rehabilitation centres influences the relapsed addiction amongst drug addicts. The findings of this research is advantageous to the government, namely the Home Ministry, NADA, social workers, drug counselors, psychologist and other human services in particular, Malaysia and other regions in general. 3. Method The primary data was obtained through a survey using self-administered questionnaire. Items from established instruments were adopted and modified appropriately to suit the objectives of the study. The instrument consists of five parts. The first part of the questionnaire collected the demographic information of the respondents. Second part consist 42 items developed by Marlatt and Gordon, (1985) to measure the tendencies of relapsed addiction among the addicts. The items specifically measures three dimensions; negative emotion, interpersonal conflict and social pressure. Part 3, 4 and 5 obtained information pertaining to self-efficacy, sosial-environment factors (support form peer, family, employer, and community) and rehabilitation programme effectiveness respectively. Self-efficacy was measured using 15 items developed by Sherer and Maddux (1982) while 5 items from Abdullah and Iran (1991) was employed to measure attitude towards drug abuse. 0 items developed by Procidano and Heller (1983) used to measure peer and family support. 12 items created by the researchers to measure employer and community support. The program effectiveness at drug rehabilitation centres was measured using 26 items developed by Bahaman, et al. (2003). The respondents were asked to respond on a scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). From the analysis, it was identified that the Cronbach alpha of all constructs exceeds Nunnally’s (1978) recommended threshold value of 0. 7. Thus, the instrument used in this study showed a good level in terms of reliability. The respondents were chosen by systematic sampling procedure. 400 questionnaires were personally distributed to the relapsed addicts who are undergoing treatments and rehabilitations in eight Narcotics Rehabilitation Centres in Peninsular Malaysia. Counselors from the respective centres help to disseminate and collect the survey. High response rate (100%) for this study is due to high degree of cooperation by the respondents and the centres’ counselors. In addition, the drop and pick method utilized in this survey was very effective. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 15. 4. Findings and Discussion 4. Respondents’ background Majority of the respondents (86%) involved in this research were aged 30 years and above. 80% of them were Malays and Muslims and in terms of marital status, 65% were single. From the data on educational level, 91% of the respondents were holding Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (Malaysian Certificate of Education, equivalent to O’levels). About 47% of them used to work as temporary workers. 4. 2 Factors promoted relapsed addiction amongst drug addicts in Malaysia. Respondents perceptions on all factors contributing to relapsed addiction were categorized as low, moderate and high based on the possible score range. Table 1 shows the summary of the findings. About 97 percent of the respondents indicated moderate to high level of agreement on attitude towards drug abuse. 68 percent of the respondents agreed to moderate level of self-efficacy. In short, the findings showed that respondents received moderate to high level of support from peers (99 percent) and family (96 percent) in their endeavor towards free from drug use. On the other hand respondents reported that they received low to moderate level of support from employers (98 percent) and community (94 percent) on the whole. About 99 percent of the respondents indicated moderate to high level of satisfactory with the rehabilitation programme at the respective centres. Table 2 displays the Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the research variables which indicate the strength of relationship between the seven factors with respect to perceived tendency of relapsed addiction to drug use. Out of seven factors identified to promoting relapsed addiction, only four factors showed significant correlation at the 0. 05 level. The factor with the highest correlation to tendency of relapsed addiction to drug use is self-efficacy (r= . 790, p How to cite Asian Social Science, Papers

Over Population Essays (1509 words) - China, Communist States

Over Population One of the more extreme measures taken in an attempt to control population has been Chinas one-child policy. Population advocate Garet Hardin suggests the rest of the world adopt similar policies. This paper is to show a countrys government acting on theories that Hardin is popular for and the ethical and environmental effects that it had on people and the land. Hardin fails to see the ethical problems laid out by governments that suppress peoples thoughts and beliefs. Hardin states that throughout most of history theres been no need for concern about population control. Nature would come along with epidemic diseases and take care of the matter for us. Disease has been the primary population controller in the past. Because widespread disease and famine no longer exist, we have to find other means to stop population increases (Spencer 1992, pp.61-2). Mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon is a misnomer as Hardin routinely supports the actions of authoritarian governments who rarely seek consent for their actions. When asked about the one child policy Hardin said that the Chinese government didnt go far enough. He gave the Chinese credit for officially recognizing that they have a problem and for having the nerve to propose the single-child program .. he thought the failure was by not making the directive universal throughout the country. The one-child policy is only enforced in congested urban areas. People in rural regions continue to have too many children -- so the Chinese havent solved their problems at all. (Spencer 1992, p.60). Before 1950, there was an old Stalinist custom in China of rewarding heroic mothers giving birth to the largest number of children. This was more then a custom it was a way of life in China till Ma Yin Chu began to publish some articles on population. Ma Yin Chu was the president of Beijing University and was one of the first people to voice his concern over the steady growth of Chinas population. Between 1959-1961 there was a great famine in China that got everyones attention. Resources for such a large population were scarce. The government recognized that something had to be done about the population. Distribution of contraceptions, promotion of late marriages, and two child families were all part of a post famine campaign by the government. This lasted less then four years as Chinas population began to increase again. The government began to release propaganda. The slogan Wan Xi Shao, Later - Longer - Fewer, ran through the streets of China. The efforts focused on the postponement of marriages, increased spacing of births, and the limitation of family sizes. The governments efforts were vastly ignored in the countryside. Around the time Ma Yin Chu began to publish articles on population, the Communist rule took over in China. The Communist were ruled by Mao Zedong. Mao directed most of his energy into the Chinese economy. In 1958, Mao created an economic plan called the great leap forward. This plan called for the people to use their will power to improve the economy. The lack of technology and capital made the plan back fire and lead the people into the great famine. In the early to mid 1960s the Communist party split into the radicals and the moderates. Mao gave his support to the radicals and tried again to focus on the economy. Coming off the great famine many wanted Mao to find a solution to the growing population. China still was not ready to recognize the stress the population had on the country. The United States relations with China had been weak mostly because of the Communist view. In 1972, Richard Nixion decided to visit China. Both countries began to recognize the potential economic benefits of trade between the nations. This improved relationship gave China a better look of the modernization that was currently going on in the west. In 1978, China decided that they liked what they saw. Having more than one fifth of the worlds population, China had very little power in the world. In 1978, China realized they already had the manpower, so they set out to modernize the country. The efforts to modernize made China take a hard look at their population. They saw that foreign trade of